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Thursday, 27 November 2025
La teoría es una cosa; el código de producción es otra. En la parte 1 cubrimos las abstracciones, ahora veamos cómo se aplican en una base de código real. Este artículo recorre los servicios de fondo reales de esta plataforma de blog: observadores de archivos con políticas de reintento de Polly, colas de correo electrónico basadas en canales con interruptores, indexadores de búsqueda semánticos con detección de cambios basados en hash, y más.
In Parte 1, exploramos los enfoques fundamentales para la implementación de servicios de antecedentes en ASP.NET Core. IHostedService, BackgroundService, la gestión del ciclo de vida, y los escollos comunes alrededor de la manipulación de apagado.
Ahora es el momento de ver estos patrones en acción. En este artículo, vamos a examinar los servicios de fondo reales de una plataforma de blog de producción, demostrando:
Cada ejemplo ilustra soluciones prácticas a problemas comunes que encontrarás cuando construyas servicios de base de producción.
El primer servicio que vamos a examinar mira un directorio de publicaciones de blog Markdown y los procesa automáticamente cuando cambian. Este es un ejemplo perfecto de procesamiento de fondo impulsado por eventos.
Cuando se crea o modifica un archivo Markdown:
El desafío: FileSystemWatcher eventos pueden disparar mientras el archivo todavía está siendo escrito, causando IOException cuando intentas leerlo.
public class MarkdownDirectoryWatcherService(
MarkdownConfig markdownConfig,
IServiceScopeFactory serviceScopeFactory,
IStartupCoordinator startupCoordinator,
ILogger<MarkdownDirectoryWatcherService> logger)
: IHostedService
{
private FileSystemWatcher _fileSystemWatcher;
private Task _awaitChangeTask = Task.CompletedTask;
public Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_fileSystemWatcher = new FileSystemWatcher
{
Path = markdownConfig.MarkdownPath,
NotifyFilter = NotifyFilters.FileName | NotifyFilters.LastWrite |
NotifyFilters.CreationTime | NotifyFilters.Size,
Filter = "*.md",
IncludeSubdirectories = true
};
_fileSystemWatcher.EnableRaisingEvents = true;
// Start background processing in a separate task
_awaitChangeTask = Task.Run(() => AwaitChanges(cancellationToken), cancellationToken);
logger.LogInformation("Started watching directory {Directory}", markdownConfig.MarkdownPath);
// Signal ready - watcher is set up and listening
startupCoordinator.SignalReady(StartupServiceNames.MarkdownDirectoryWatcher);
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
// Proper cleanup
_fileSystemWatcher.EnableRaisingEvents = false;
_fileSystemWatcher.Dispose();
logger.LogInformation("Stopped watching directory");
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
private async Task AwaitChanges(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
{
var fileEvent = _fileSystemWatcher.WaitForChanged(WatcherChangeTypes.All);
if (fileEvent.ChangeType == WatcherChangeTypes.Changed ||
fileEvent.ChangeType == WatcherChangeTypes.Created)
{
await OnChangedAsync(fileEvent);
}
else if (fileEvent.ChangeType == WatcherChangeTypes.Deleted)
{
await OnDeletedAsync(fileEvent);
}
else if (fileEvent.ChangeType == WatcherChangeTypes.Renamed)
{
await OnRenamedAsync(fileEvent);
}
}
}
}
Nótese algunos patrones clave:
StartAsync devuelve inmediatamente, el procesamiento ocurre en AwaitChangesStopAsyncLa parte más interesante es cómo manejamos los archivos que todavía se están escribiendo. Polly es una biblioteca de resiliencia .NET que proporciona políticas de reintento, disyuntores y más:
private async Task OnChangedAsync(WaitForChangedResult e)
{
if (e.Name == null) return;
// Serilog activity for distributed tracing
using var activity = Log.Logger.StartActivity("Markdown File Changed {Name}", e.Name);
// Define a retry policy for file access issues
var retryPolicy = Policy
.Handle<IOException>() // Only handle IO exceptions (like file in use)
.WaitAndRetryAsync(5, retryAttempt => TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500 * retryAttempt),
(exception, timeSpan, retryCount, context) =>
{
activity?.Activity?.SetTag("Retry Attempt", retryCount);
logger.LogWarning(
"File is in use, retrying attempt {RetryCount} after {TimeSpan}",
retryCount, timeSpan);
});
try
{
var fileName = e.Name;
var isTranslated = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(e.Name).Contains(".");
var language = MarkdownBaseService.EnglishLanguage;
var directory = markdownConfig.MarkdownPath;
if (isTranslated)
{
language = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(e.Name).Split('.').Last();
fileName = Path.GetFileName(fileName);
directory = markdownConfig.MarkdownTranslatedPath;
}
var filePath = Path.Combine(directory, fileName);
using var scope = serviceScopeFactory.CreateScope();
var blogService = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBlogService>();
// Use the Polly retry policy
await retryPolicy.ExecuteAsync(async () =>
{
// Read the file - might throw IOException if locked
var markdown = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(filePath);
var slug = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(fileName);
if (isTranslated)
{
slug = slug.Split('.').First();
}
// Save to database
var savedModel = await blogService.SavePost(slug, language, markdown);
activity?.Activity?.SetTag("Page Processed", savedModel.Slug);
// Index in semantic search (only for main directory files)
if (!e.Name.Contains(Path.DirectorySeparatorChar))
{
await IndexPostForSemanticSearchAsync(scope, savedModel, language);
}
// Trigger translation for English posts
if (language == MarkdownBaseService.EnglishLanguage &&
!string.IsNullOrEmpty(savedModel.Markdown))
{
var translateService = scope.ServiceProvider
.GetRequiredService<IBackgroundTranslateService>();
await translateService.TranslateForAllLanguages(
new PageTranslationModel
{
OriginalFileName = filePath,
OriginalMarkdown = savedModel.Markdown,
Persist = true
});
}
});
activity?.Complete();
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
activity?.Complete(LogEventLevel.Error, exception);
}
}
Patrones clave aquí:
La política de reintentar maneja el caso común en el que un editor de texto todavía está escribiendo el archivo cuando se inicia el evento de cambio.
graph TD
A[File Modified] --> B[FileSystemWatcher Event]
B --> C{File Locked?}
C -->|Yes| D[Wait 500ms * Attempt]
D --> E{Retry < 5?}
E -->|Yes| C
E -->|No| F[Log Error]
C -->|No| G[Read File]
G --> H[Parse Markdown]
H --> I[Save to Database]
I --> J{Main Directory?}
J -->|Yes| K[Index for Search]
J -->|No| L{English?}
K --> L
L -->|Yes| M[Trigger Translation]
L -->|No| N[Complete]
M --> N
style A stroke:#059669,stroke-width:3px,color:#10b981
style I stroke:#2563eb,stroke-width:3px,color:#3b82f6
style K stroke:#7c3aed,stroke-width:3px,color:#8b5cf6
style M stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:3px,color:#f59e0b
Registrelo en Program.cs (todos los servicios alojados siguen este patrón):
builder.Services.AddHostedService<MarkdownDirectoryWatcherService>();
Véase la aplicación completa en Mostlylucid/Blog/WatcherService/MarkdownDirectoryWatcherService.cs.
Enviar correo electrónico es un caso de uso clásico para los servicios de fondo. No desea bloquear una solicitud HTTP mientras negocia SMTP, por lo que hacer cola en el correo electrónico y enviarlo en segundo plano.
Cuando un usuario envía un comentario o formulario de contacto:
Este servicio utiliza un Channel<T> para la cola y Polly para la resiliencia:
public class EmailSenderHostedService : IEmailSenderHostedService
{
private readonly Channel<BaseEmailModel> _mailMessages =
Channel.CreateUnbounded<BaseEmailModel>();
private readonly CancellationTokenSource _cancellationTokenSource = new();
private Task _sendTask = Task.CompletedTask;
private readonly IEmailService _emailService;
private readonly ILogger<EmailSenderHostedService> _logger;
private readonly IAsyncPolicy _policyWrap;
public EmailSenderHostedService(
IEmailService emailService,
ILogger<EmailSenderHostedService> logger)
{
_emailService = emailService;
_logger = logger;
// Retry policy: 3 attempts with exponential backoff
var retryPolicy = Policy
.Handle<SmtpException>()
.WaitAndRetryAsync(3,
attempt => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2 * attempt),
(exception, timeSpan, retryCount, context) =>
{
logger.LogWarning(exception,
"Retry {RetryCount} for sending email failed", retryCount);
});
// Circuit breaker: open after 5 failures, stay open for 1 minute
var circuitBreakerPolicy = Policy
.Handle<SmtpException>()
.CircuitBreakerAsync(
5,
TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1),
onBreak: (exception, timespan) =>
{
logger.LogError(
"Circuit broken due to too many failures. Breaking for {BreakDuration}",
timespan);
},
onReset: () =>
{
logger.LogInformation("Circuit reset. Resuming email delivery.");
},
onHalfOpen: () =>
{
logger.LogInformation("Circuit in half-open state. Testing connection...");
});
// Combine retry and circuit breaker
_policyWrap = Policy.WrapAsync(retryPolicy, circuitBreakerPolicy);
}
public async Task SendEmailAsync(BaseEmailModel message)
{
await _mailMessages.Writer.WriteAsync(message);
}
public Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_logger.LogInformation("Starting background e-mail delivery");
_sendTask = DeliverAsync(_cancellationTokenSource.Token);
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
public async Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_logger.LogInformation("Stopping background e-mail delivery");
// Proper shutdown sequence
await _cancellationTokenSource.CancelAsync();
_mailMessages.Writer.Complete(); // Critical: complete the channel
// Wait for the background task to finish
await Task.WhenAny(_sendTask, Task.Delay(Timeout.Infinite, cancellationToken));
}
private async Task DeliverAsync(CancellationToken token)
{
_logger.LogInformation("E-mail background delivery started");
try
{
// Process items as they arrive
while (await _mailMessages.Reader.WaitToReadAsync(token))
{
BaseEmailModel? message = null;
try
{
message = await _mailMessages.Reader.ReadAsync(token);
// Execute with retry policy and circuit breaker
await _policyWrap.ExecuteAsync(async () =>
{
switch (message)
{
case ContactEmailModel contactEmailModel:
await _emailService.SendContactEmail(contactEmailModel);
break;
case CommentEmailModel commentEmailModel:
await _emailService.SendCommentEmail(commentEmailModel);
break;
case ConfirmEmailModel confirmEmailModel:
await _emailService.SendConfirmationEmail(confirmEmailModel);
break;
}
});
_logger.LogInformation("Email from {SenderEmail} sent", message.SenderEmail);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
break; // Shutdown requested
}
catch (Exception exc)
{
_logger.LogError(exc,
"Couldn't send an e-mail from {SenderEmail}",
message?.SenderEmail);
}
}
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
_logger.LogWarning("E-mail background delivery canceled");
}
_logger.LogInformation("E-mail background delivery stopped");
}
public void Dispose()
{
_cancellationTokenSource.Dispose();
}
}
Patrones clave demostrados:
graph TD
A[Queue Email] --> B[Write to Channel]
B --> C[Background Task Reads]
C --> D{Send Email}
D -->|Success| E[Log Success]
D -->|SmtpException| F{Retry Count < 3?}
F -->|Yes| G[Wait 2s * Attempt]
G --> D
F -->|No| H{Circuit Breaker}
H -->|< 5 Failures| I[Log Failure]
H -->|5+ Failures| J[Open Circuit]
J --> K[Wait 1 Minute]
K --> L[Half-Open: Test]
L -->|Success| M[Close Circuit]
L -->|Failure| J
E --> N[Continue]
I --> N
style A stroke:#059669,stroke-width:3px,color:#10b981
style D stroke:#2563eb,stroke-width:3px,color:#3b82f6
style J stroke:#dc2626,stroke-width:3px,color:#ef4444
style M stroke:#059669,stroke-width:3px,color:#10b981
Esto demuestra un patrón de calidad de producción:
Este servicio hace colas de eventos de análisis y los envía a un Umami Servidor de análisis. Es similar al servicio de correo electrónico, pero más simple: no se necesita ninguna política de reintento, solo dispara y olvida.
public class UmamiBackgroundSender(
IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory,
ILogger<UmamiBackgroundSender> logger) : IHostedService
{
private readonly CancellationTokenSource _cancellationTokenSource = new();
private readonly Channel<SendBackgroundPayload> _channel =
Channel.CreateUnbounded<SendBackgroundPayload>();
private Task _sendTask = Task.CompletedTask;
public Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_sendTask = SendRequest(_cancellationTokenSource.Token);
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
public async Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
logger.LogInformation("UmamiBackgroundSender is stopping.");
// Standard shutdown pattern
await _cancellationTokenSource.CancelAsync();
_channel.Writer.Complete();
try
{
await Task.WhenAny(_sendTask, Task.Delay(Timeout.Infinite, cancellationToken));
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
logger.LogWarning("StopAsync operation was canceled.");
}
}
public async Task TrackPageView(string url, string title, UmamiPayload? payload = null)
{
await using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateAsyncScope();
var payloadService = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<PayloadService>();
var sendPayload = payloadService.PopulateFromPayload(payload, null);
sendPayload.Url = url;
sendPayload.Title = title;
await _channel.Writer.WriteAsync(new SendBackgroundPayload("event", sendPayload));
logger.LogInformation("Umami pageview event queued");
}
private async Task SendRequest(CancellationToken token)
{
logger.LogInformation("Umami background delivery started");
// Double while loop: outer waits for items, inner drains all available
while (await _channel.Reader.WaitToReadAsync(token))
{
while (_channel.Reader.TryRead(out var payload))
{
try
{
using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope();
var client = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<UmamiClient>();
await client.Send(payload.Payload, type: payload.EventType);
logger.LogInformation("Umami background event sent: {EventType}",
payload.EventType);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
logger.LogWarning("Umami background delivery canceled.");
return;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
logger.LogError(ex, "Error sending Umami background event.");
}
}
}
}
private record SendBackgroundPayload(string EventType, UmamiPayload Payload);
}
Diferencias clave del servicio de correo electrónico:
Esto demuestra que no todos los servicios de fondo necesitan manejo de errores complejos. Para la telemetría no crítica, el registro simple podría ser suficiente.
Ahora echemos un vistazo a los servicios que hacen trabajo periódico en lugar de procesar colas. BrokenLinkCheckerBackgroundService comprueba los enlaces de publicaciones de blog periódicamente y busca URLs de archive.org para las rotas.
public class BrokenLinkCheckerBackgroundService : BackgroundService
{
private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;
private readonly ILogger<BrokenLinkCheckerBackgroundService> _logger;
private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
private readonly TimeSpan _checkInterval = TimeSpan.FromHours(1);
private const int BatchSize = 20;
public BrokenLinkCheckerBackgroundService(
IServiceProvider serviceProvider,
ILogger<BrokenLinkCheckerBackgroundService> logger,
IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory)
{
_serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
_logger = logger;
_httpClient = httpClientFactory.CreateClient("BrokenLinkChecker");
_httpClient.Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30);
}
protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
{
_logger.LogInformation("Broken Link Checker Background Service started");
// Initial delay to let the application fully start
await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5), stoppingToken);
while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
{
try
{
await CheckLinksAsync(stoppingToken);
await FetchArchiveUrlsAsync(stoppingToken);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger.LogError(ex, "Error in Broken Link Checker Background Service");
}
_logger.LogInformation("Broken Link Checker sleeping for {Interval}", _checkInterval);
await Task.Delay(_checkInterval, stoppingToken);
}
_logger.LogInformation("Broken Link Checker Background Service stopped");
}
private async Task CheckLinksAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_logger.LogInformation("Starting link validity check");
using var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope();
var brokenLinkService = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IBrokenLinkService>();
var linksToCheck = await brokenLinkService.GetLinksToCheckAsync(BatchSize, cancellationToken);
_logger.LogInformation("Found {Count} links to check", linksToCheck.Count);
foreach (var link in linksToCheck)
{
if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested) break;
try
{
var (statusCode, isBroken, error) = await CheckUrlAsync(link.OriginalUrl, cancellationToken);
await brokenLinkService.UpdateLinkStatusAsync(
link.Id, statusCode, isBroken, error, cancellationToken);
if (isBroken)
{
_logger.LogWarning("Link is broken: {Url} (Status: {StatusCode})",
link.OriginalUrl, statusCode);
}
// Be respectful to servers
await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2), cancellationToken);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger.LogError(ex, "Error checking link: {Url}", link.OriginalUrl);
await brokenLinkService.UpdateLinkStatusAsync(
link.Id, 0, true, ex.Message, cancellationToken);
}
}
}
private async Task<(int statusCode, bool isBroken, string? error)> CheckUrlAsync(
string url,
CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
try
{
using var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Head, url);
request.Headers.UserAgent.ParseAdd(
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MostlylucidBot/1.0; +https://www.mostlylucid.net)");
using var response = await _httpClient.SendAsync(
request,
HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead,
cancellationToken);
var statusCode = (int)response.StatusCode;
var isBroken = response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotFound ||
response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Gone ||
statusCode >= 500;
return (statusCode, isBroken, null);
}
catch (HttpRequestException ex)
{
return (0, true, ex.Message);
}
catch (TaskCanceledException ex) when (ex.InnerException is TimeoutException)
{
return (0, true, "Request timed out");
}
}
}
Patrones demostrados:
El indexador de búsqueda semántica es más sofisticado, solo re-indexa publicaciones que realmente han cambiado. Esto ahorra costosas llamadas de API.
csharp
public class SemanticIndexingBackgroundService : BackgroundService
{
private readonly ILogger
protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
{
if (!_semanticSearchConfig.Enabled)
{
_logger.LogInformation("Semantic search is disabled, indexing service will not run");
return;
}
_logger.LogInformation("Semantic indexing background service starting...");
// Wait for other services to initialise
await Task.Delay(_startupDelay, stoppingToken);
// Initialise the semantic search service
try
{
await _semanticSearchService.InitializeAsync(stoppingToken);
_logger.LogInformation("Semantic search initialized successfully");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to initialize semantic search service");
return;
}
// Initial indexing
await IndexAllMarkdownFilesAsync(stoppingToken);
// Periodic re-indexing to catch any changes
while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
{
try
{
await Task.Delay(_indexInterval, stoppingToken);
await IndexAllMarkdownFilesAsync(stoppingToken);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException)
{
break;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
_logger.LogError(ex, "Error during periodic indexing");
}
}
_logger.LogInformation("Semantic indexing background service stopped");
}
private async Task IndexAllMarkdownFilesAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
{
var markdownPath = _markdownConfig.MarkdownPath;
if (!Directory.Exists(markdownPath))
{
_logger.LogWarning("Markdown directory does not exist: {Path}", markdownPath);
return;
}
// Get ONLY files in the main directory, NOT subdirectories
var markdownFiles = Directory.GetFiles(markdownPath, "*.md", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly);
_logger.LogInformation("Found {Count} markdown files to index in {Path}",
markdownFiles.Length, markdownPath);
var indexedCount = 0;
var skippedCount = 0;
var errorCount = 0;
using var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope();
var markdownRenderingService = scope.ServiceProvider
.GetRequiredService<MarkdownRenderingService>();
foreach (var filePath in markdownFiles)
{
if (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
break;
try
{
var result = await IndexMarkdownFileAsync(
filePath,
markdownRenderingService,
stoppingToken);
if (result == IndexResult.Indexed)
indexedCount++;
else if (result == IndexResult.Skipped)
skippedCount++;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
errorCount++;
_logger.LogError(ex, "Error indexing file: {FilePath}", filePath);
}
// Delay to avoid overwhelming the embedding service
await Task.Delay(100, stoppingToken);
}
_logger.LogInformation(
"Indexing complete: {Indexed} indexed, {Skipped} skipped (unchanged), {Errors} errors",
indexedCount, skippedCount, errorCount);
}
private async Task<IndexResult> IndexMarkdownFileAsync(
string filePath,
MarkdownRenderingService markdownRenderingService,
CancellationToken stoppingToken)
{
var fileName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(filePath);
// Skip translated files (they have language suffix like .es.md, .fr.md)
if (fileName.Contains('.'))
{
var parts = fileName.Split('.');
if (parts.Length >= 2 && parts[^1].Length == 2)
{
return IndexResult.Skipped;
}
}
var markdown = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(filePath, stoppingToken);
var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filePath);
var blogPost = markdownRenderingService.GetPageFromMarkdown(
markdown,
fileInfo.LastWriteTimeUtc,
filePath);
if (blogPost.IsHidden)
{
_logger.LogDebug("Skipping hidden post: {Slug}", blogPost.Slug);
return IndexResult.Skipped;
}
// Compute content hash
var contentHash = ComputeContentHash(blogPost.PlainTextContent);
// Check if reindexing is needed
var needsReindex = await _semanticSearchService.NeedsReindexingAsync(
blogPost.Slug,
MarkdownBaseService.EnglishLanguage,
contentHash,
stoppingToken);
if (!needsReindex)
{
_logger.LogDebug("Skipping unchanged post: {Slug}", blogPost.Slug);
return IndexResult.Skipped;
}
// Create document for indexing
var document = new BlogPostDocument
{
Id = $"{blogPost.Slug}_{MarkdownBaseService.EnglishLanguage}",
Slug = blogPost.Slug,
Title = blogPost.Title,
Content = blogPost.Plain
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