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Sunday, 09 November 2025
Έχουμε ταξιδέψει μέσα από το στρώμα φιλοξενίας, εξερευνήθηκε Kestrel, και mastered mediaware. Τώρα φτάνουμε σε μια κρίσιμη ερώτηση: μόλις ένα αίτημα το κάνει μέσω του αγωγού μέσου λογισμικού σας, πώς το ASP.NET πυρήνα ξέρει ποιος κώδικας για να εκτελέσει; Η απάντηση είναι δρομολόγηση και τελικά σημεία.
Routing είναι ο μηχανισμός που ταιριάζει με τα εισερχόμενα αιτήματα HTTP να εκτελέσει τον κωδικό. Endpoints είναι οι προορισμοίΤο πραγματικό κώδικα που εκτελεί. Μαζί, σχηματίζουν ένα ισχυρό, ευέλικτο σύστημα που υποστηρίζει τα πάντα από απλούς χειριστές διαδρομής έως πολύπλοκες εφαρμογές MVC.
Σε αυτό το μέρος, θα εξερευνήσουμε πώς λειτουργεί η δρομολόγηση, πώς καταγράφονται και εκτελούνται τα τελικά σημεία, και πώς μπορείτε να αξιοποιήσετε αυτό το σύστημα για την κατασκευή εξελιγμένων εφαρμογών.
ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΗ: Αυτό είναι μέρος των πειραμάτων μου με AI / ένας τρόπος για να περάσετε $ 1000 Calude Code Web πιστώσεις. Έχω ταΐσει αυτό ένα BUNCH των εγγράφων, την κατανόησή μου, ερωτήσεις που έπρεπε να δημιουργήσω αυτό το άρθρο. Είναι διασκεδαστικό και γεμίζει ένα κενό που δεν έχω δει πουθενά αλλού.
Η δρομολόγηση του ASP.NET Core έχει εξελιχθεί σημαντικά:
timeline
title ASP.NET Core Routing Evolution
ASP.NET Core 1.0 - 2.2 : Traditional Routing : Routes defined in middleware : MapRoute for MVC
ASP.NET Core 3.0 - 3.1 : Endpoint Routing : UseRouting + UseEndpoints : Routing metadata aware
ASP.NET Core 6.0+ : Minimal APIs : Direct MapGet/MapPost : Simplified registration
Παραδοσιακά Δρομολόγια (Pre-3.0):
app.UseMvc(routes =>
{
routes.MapRoute("default", "{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}");
});
Τέλος διαδρομής (3.0+):
app.UseRouting();
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
endpoints.MapControllers();
});
Modern Minimal APIs (6.0+):
app.MapGet("/users/{id}", (int id) => $"User {id}");
Εργασίες δρομολόγησης τελικού σημείου σε δύο φάσεις:
graph LR
A[Request] --> B[Routing Middleware]
B --> C{Match Route?}
C -->|Yes| D[Set Endpoint]
C -->|No| E[No Endpoint Set]
D --> F[Authorization Middleware]
E --> F
F --> G[Other Middleware]
G --> H[Endpoint Middleware]
H --> I{Endpoint Exists?}
I -->|Yes| J[Execute Endpoint]
I -->|No| K[404 Not Found]
style B stroke:#ef4444,stroke-width:3px
style H stroke:#10b981,stroke-width:3px
style J stroke:#6366f1,stroke-width:3px
UseRouting())Το μεσαίο λογισμικό δρομολόγησης εξετάζει το αίτημα και προσπαθεί να το ταιριάξει με ένα καταχωρισμένο τελικό σημείο:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
// Phase 1: Route matching happens here
app.UseRouting();
// Between routing and endpoints, you can use middleware that needs route information
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
var endpoint = context.GetEndpoint();
if (endpoint != null)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Matched endpoint: {endpoint.DisplayName}");
// Access route values
var routeValues = context.Request.RouteValues;
foreach (var (key, value) in routeValues)
{
Console.WriteLine($" {key} = {value}");
}
}
await next(context);
});
app.UseAuthorization(); // Can make decisions based on matched endpoint
// Phase 2: Endpoint execution happens here
app.MapGet("/users/{id}", (int id) => $"User {id}");
app.Run();
Διάγραμμα ροής:
sequenceDiagram
participant Request
participant Routing as UseRouting
participant Auth as UseAuthorization
participant Endpoint as Endpoint Middleware
Request->>Routing: GET /users/123
Note over Routing: Parse URL<br/>Match against patterns<br/>Extract route values
Routing->>Routing: Found match: /users/{id}
Routing->>Routing: Set endpoint metadata<br/>Set route values {id: 123}
Routing->>Auth: Continue with endpoint set
Note over Auth: Can check endpoint metadata<br/>for [Authorize] attributes
Auth->>Endpoint: Continue
Note over Endpoint: Endpoint is set
Endpoint->>Endpoint: Execute matched endpoint<br/>with route values
Endpoint->>Request: Return response
Το τελικό σημείο μεσαίο λογισμικό εκτελεί το αντίστοιχο τελικό σημείο:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
app.UseRouting();
// This middleware runs BEFORE endpoint execution
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Before endpoint execution");
await next(context);
Console.WriteLine("After endpoint execution");
});
// Endpoint execution happens here
app.MapGet("/", () =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Executing endpoint");
return "Hello World";
});
app.Run();
Έξοδος:
Before endpoint execution
Executing endpoint
After endpoint execution
Τα πρότυπα διαδρομής καθορίζουν το μοτίβο URL που ταιριάζει:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
// Literal path
app.MapGet("/", () => "Home page");
// Single parameter
app.MapGet("/users/{id}", (int id) => $"User {id}");
// Multiple parameters
app.MapGet("/posts/{year}/{month}/{day}", (int year, int month, int day) =>
$"Posts from {year}-{month:D2}-{day:D2}");
// Optional parameter
app.MapGet("/products/{id?}", (int? id) =>
id.HasValue ? $"Product {id}" : "All products");
// Default value
app.MapGet("/search/{query=all}", (string query) =>
$"Searching for: {query}");
// Catch-all parameter
app.MapGet("/files/{*path}", (string path) =>
$"File path: {path}");
app.Run();
Παραδείγματα:
GET / → "Home page"
GET /users/123 → "User 123"
GET /posts/2024/1/15 → "Posts from 2024-01-15"
GET /products → "All products"
GET /products/42 → "Product 42"
GET /search → "Searching for: all"
GET /search/aspnet → "Searching for: aspnet"
GET /files/docs/guide.pdf → "File path: docs/guide.pdf"
Οι περιορισμοί διασφαλίζουν ότι οι παράμετροι ταιριάζουν με συγκεκριμένα πρότυπα:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
// Integer constraint
app.MapGet("/users/{id:int}", (int id) =>
$"User {id}");
// Minimum value
app.MapGet("/products/{id:int:min(1)}", (int id) =>
$"Product {id}");
// Range
app.MapGet("/items/{id:int:range(1,100)}", (int id) =>
$"Item {id}");
// String length
app.MapGet("/codes/{code:length(5)}", (string code) =>
$"Code {code}");
// Min/max length
app.MapGet("/names/{name:minlength(2):maxlength(20)}", (string name) =>
$"Name {name}");
// Regex
app.MapGet("/posts/{slug:regex(^[a-z0-9-]+$)}", (string slug) =>
$"Post slug: {slug}");
// GUID
app.MapGet("/orders/{id:guid}", (Guid id) =>
$"Order {id}");
// DateTime
app.MapGet("/appointments/{date:datetime}", (DateTime date) =>
$"Appointment on {date:yyyy-MM-dd}");
// Alpha (letters only)
app.MapGet("/tags/{tag:alpha}", (string tag) =>
$"Tag: {tag}");
// Multiple constraints (AND)
app.MapGet("/archive/{year:int:min(2000):max(2030)}", (int year) =>
$"Archive for {year}");
app.Run();
Ενσωματωμένοι περιορισμοί:
Περιορισμός ~ Παράδειγμα ~ Σπίρτα ~
|------------|---------|---------|
| int | {id:int} | 123, -456 |
| bool | {active:bool} Αληθινό, ψεύτικο
| datetime | {date:datetime} | 2024-01-15 |
| decimal | {price:decimal} | 19.99 |
| double | {lat:double} | 51.5074 |
| float | {temp:float} | 98.6 |
| guid | {id:guid} 5500e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000
| long | {size:long} | 9223372036854775807 |
| minlength(n) | {name:minlength(3)} Abc, abcd
| maxlength(n) | {name:maxlength(5)} Abc, abcde
| length(n) | {code:length(5)} Αμπκντε
| min(n) | {age:min(18)} | 18, 19, 100 |
| max(n) | {age:max(120)} | 1, 100, 120 |
| range(min,max) | {num:range(1,10)} | 1, 5, 10 |
| alpha | {tag:alpha} Abc, XYZ
| regex(pattern) | {code:regex(^[A-Z]{3}$)} ABC, XYZ
| required | {id:required} Οποιαδήποτε μη κενή αξία
Περιορισμοί δοκιμής:
# ✅ Matches {id:int}
GET /users/123 → Success
# ❌ Doesn't match {id:int}
GET /users/abc → 404
# ✅ Matches {id:int:min(1)}
GET /products/5 → Success
# ❌ Doesn't match {id:int:min(1)}
GET /products/0 → 404
GET /products/-1 → 404
Δημιουργήστε τους δικούς σας περιορισμούς:
// Custom constraint: validates slugs
public class SlugConstraint : IRouteConstraint
{
private readonly Regex _regex = new Regex(@"^[a-z0-9]+(?:-[a-z0-9]+)*$",
RegexOptions.Compiled | RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
public bool Match(HttpContext? httpContext, IRouter? route, string routeKey,
RouteValueDictionary values, RouteDirection routeDirection)
{
if (values.TryGetValue(routeKey, out var value) && value != null)
{
var slug = value.ToString();
return !string.IsNullOrEmpty(slug) && _regex.IsMatch(slug);
}
return false;
}
}
// Register the constraint
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.Configure<RouteOptions>(options =>
{
options.ConstraintMap.Add("slug", typeof(SlugConstraint));
});
var app = builder.Build();
// Use the custom constraint
app.MapGet("/blog/{slug:slug}", (string slug) =>
$"Blog post: {slug}");
app.Run();
Δοκιμή:
GET /blog/my-first-post → ✅ "Blog post: my-first-post"
GET /blog/hello-world-2024 → ✅ "Blog post: hello-world-2024"
GET /blog/My_Invalid_Slug → ❌ 404
GET /blog/has spaces → ❌ 404
Όταν πολλές διαδρομές ταιριάζουν, ASP.NET Core χρησιμοποιεί ένα σύστημα προτεραιότητας:
graph TD
A[Incoming Request] --> B{Route Matching}
B --> C[Order by Priority]
C --> D[ Literal segments highest]
D --> E[ Constrained parameters]
E --> F[ Unconstrained parameters]
F --> G[ Optional parameters]
G --> H[ Catch-all parameters lowest]
H --> I[Select first match]
Παράδειγμα:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
// Priority 1: Literal segments (highest priority)
app.MapGet("/users/admin", () => "Admin user endpoint");
// Priority 2: Constrained parameter
app.MapGet("/users/{id:int}", (int id) => $"User {id}");
// Priority 3: Unconstrained parameter
app.MapGet("/users/{username}", (string username) => $"User @{username}");
// Priority 4: Optional parameter
app.MapGet("/users/{id:int?}", (int? id) =>
id.HasValue ? $"User {id}" : "All users");
// Priority 5: Catch-all (lowest priority)
app.MapGet("/users/{*path}", (string path) => $"Catch-all: {path}");
app.Run();
Ταιριάζει με τη συμπεριφορά:
GET /users/admin → "Admin user endpoint" (literal match)
GET /users/123 → "User 123" (constrained parameter)
GET /users/john → "User @john" (unconstrained parameter)
GET /users/admin/test → "Catch-all: admin/test" (catch-all)
Μπορείτε επίσης να ορίσετε ρητή σειρά:
app.MapGet("/products/{id}", (int id) => $"Product {id}")
.WithOrder(1);
app.MapGet("/products/featured", () => "Featured products")
.WithOrder(0); // Lower number = higher priority
Το ASP.NET Core μπορεί να δεσμεύσει παραμέτρους διαδρομής από πολλαπλές πηγές:
app.MapGet("/users/{id}/posts/{postId}", (int id, int postId) =>
$"User {id}, Post {postId}");
app.MapGet("/search", (string? q, int page = 1, int pageSize = 10) =>
$"Query: {q}, Page: {page}, Size: {pageSize}");
// GET /search?q=aspnet&page=2&pageSize=20
app.MapGet("/api/data", ([FromHeader(Name = "X-API-Key")] string apiKey) =>
$"API Key: {apiKey}");
app.MapPost("/users", ([FromBody] User user) =>
{
return Results.Created($"/users/{user.Id}", user);
});
public record User(int Id, string Name, string Email);
app.MapGet("/data", (IMyService service) =>
{
var data = service.GetData();
return data;
});
app.MapGet("/info", (HttpContext context) =>
{
var userAgent = context.Request.Headers["User-Agent"];
var ip = context.Connection.RemoteIpAddress;
return new
{
UserAgent = userAgent.ToString(),
IpAddress = ip?.ToString()
};
});
public record CreatePostRequest(string Title, string Content, List<string> Tags);
app.MapPost("/api/posts",
async (
[FromRoute] int userId,
[FromQuery] bool publish,
[FromBody] CreatePostRequest request,
[FromHeader(Name = "X-Request-ID")] string requestId,
[FromServices] IPostService postService,
HttpContext context) =>
{
var post = await postService.CreatePostAsync(
userId,
request.Title,
request.Content,
request.Tags,
publish
);
context.Response.Headers["X-Request-ID"] = requestId;
return Results.Created($"/api/posts/{post.Id}", post);
});
// POST /api/posts?publish=true
// Header: X-Request-ID: abc123
// Body: { "title": "Hello", "content": "World", "tags": ["aspnet", "routing"] }
Τα τελικά σημεία μπορούν να έχουν μεταδεδομένα που τα περιγράφουν:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddAuthorization();
var app = builder.Build();
app.UseAuthorization();
// Add metadata with extension methods
app.MapGet("/public", () => "Public endpoint")
.WithName("GetPublic")
.WithDisplayName("Public Endpoint")
.WithDescription("A public endpoint that anyone can access")
.WithTags("Public");
app.MapGet("/private", () => "Private endpoint")
.RequireAuthorization() // Adds [Authorize] metadata
.WithName("GetPrivate");
app.MapGet("/admin", () => "Admin only")
.RequireAuthorization("AdminPolicy");
// Access metadata
app.Map("/metadata", (IEndpointRouteBuilder endpoints) =>
{
var dataSources = endpoints.DataSources;
var endpointList = dataSources
.SelectMany(ds => ds.Endpoints)
.OfType<RouteEndpoint>()
.Select(e => new
{
Name = e.Metadata.GetMetadata<IEndpointNameMetadata>()?.EndpointName,
DisplayName = e.DisplayName,
Route = e.RoutePattern.RawText,
RequiresAuth = e.Metadata.GetMetadata<IAuthorizeData>() != null
});
return endpointList;
});
app.Run();
Έξοδος από /metadata:
[
{
"name": "GetPublic",
"displayName": "Public Endpoint",
"route": "/public",
"requiresAuth": false
},
{
"name": "GetPrivate",
"displayName": null,
"route": "/private",
"requiresAuth": true
},
{
"name": null,
"displayName": null,
"route": "/admin",
"requiresAuth": true
}
]
Τελικά σημεία που σχετίζονται με την ομάδα με κοινή διαμόρφωση:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
// Create a group with common prefix
var api = app.MapGroup("/api");
// All these routes are prefixed with /api
api.MapGet("/users", () => "Get all users");
api.MapGet("/users/{id}", (int id) => $"Get user {id}");
api.MapPost("/users", () => "Create user");
// Nested groups
var v1 = api.MapGroup("/v1");
v1.MapGet("/products", () => "V1 products");
var v2 = api.MapGroup("/v2");
v2.MapGet("/products", () => "V2 products");
// Groups with shared metadata
var adminApi = app.MapGroup("/admin")
.RequireAuthorization("AdminPolicy")
.WithTags("Admin");
adminApi.MapGet("/users", () => "Admin: Get users");
adminApi.MapDelete("/users/{id}", (int id) => $"Admin: Delete user {id}");
app.Run();
Διαδρομές που δημιουργήθηκαν:
GET /api/users
GET /api/users/{id}
POST /api/users
GET /api/v1/products
GET /api/v2/products
GET /admin/users [Authorize(AdminPolicy)]
DELETE /admin/users/{id} [Authorize(AdminPolicy)]
Οπτικοποίηση:
flowchart TD
Root[Root] --> Api[api]
Root --> Admin[admin auth]
Api --> Users1[GET users]
Api --> Users2[GET users id]
Api --> Users3[POST users]
Api --> V1[v1]
Api --> V2[v2]
V1 --> V1Products[GET products]
V2 --> V2Products[GET products]
Admin --> AdminUsers[GET users]
Admin --> AdminDelete[DELETE users id]
app.MapGet("/data.json", () => Results.Json(new { data = "JSON" }));
app.MapGet("/data.xml", () => Results.Text("<data>XML</data>", "application/xml"));
app.MapGet("/data", (HttpContext context) =>
{
var accept = context.Request.Headers["Accept"].ToString();
if (accept.Contains("application/json"))
return Results.Json(new { data = "JSON" });
if (accept.Contains("application/xml"))
return Results.Text("<data>XML</data>", "application/xml");
return Results.Json(new { data = "Default JSON" });
});
// English routes
app.MapGet("/en/products", () => "Products");
app.MapGet("/en/about", () => "About Us");
// Spanish routes
app.MapGet("/es/productos", () => "Productos");
app.MapGet("/es/acerca", () => "Acerca de Nosotros");
// Dynamic culture from route
app.MapGet("/{culture}/home", (string culture) =>
{
CultureInfo.CurrentCulture = new CultureInfo(culture);
return $"Home (Culture: {culture})";
});
// Version in route
var v1 = app.MapGroup("/api/v1");
v1.MapGet("/users", () => new { version = 1, users = new[] { "Alice", "Bob" } });
var v2 = app.MapGroup("/api/v2");
v2.MapGet("/users", () => new { version = 2, users = new[]
{
new { id = 1, name = "Alice" },
new { id = 2, name = "Bob" }
}});
// Version in query string
app.MapGet("/api/users", (int version = 1) =>
{
if (version == 2)
return Results.Json(new { version = 2, users = new[]
{
new { id = 1, name = "Alice" },
new { id = 2, name = "Bob" }
}});
return Results.Json(new { version = 1, users = new[] { "Alice", "Bob" } });
});
// Version in header
app.MapGet("/api/data", (HttpContext context) =>
{
var version = context.Request.Headers["X-API-Version"].FirstOrDefault() ?? "1";
~~~~
return version switch
{
"2" => Results.Json(new { version = 2, data = "New format" }),
_ => Results.Json(new { version = 1, data = "Old format" })
};
});
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
var host = context.Request.Host.Host;
if (host.StartsWith("api."))
{
context.Request.RouteValues["area"] = "api";
}
else if (host.StartsWith("admin."))
{
context.Request.RouteValues["area"] = "admin";
}
await next(context);
});
app.MapGet("/", (HttpContext context) =>
{
var area = context.Request.RouteValues["area"]?.ToString() ?? "main";
return area switch
{
"api" => "API area",
"admin" => "Admin area",
_ => "Main area"
};
});
Δείτε όλες τις καταχωρημένες διαδρομές:
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
app.MapGet("/users", () => "Users");
app.MapPost("/users", () => "Create user");
app.MapGet("/products/{id:int}", (int id) => $"Product {id}");
// Endpoint to inspect all routes
app.MapGet("/routes", (IEnumerable<EndpointDataSource> endpointSources) =>
{
var endpoints = endpointSources
.SelectMany(es => es.Endpoints)
.OfType<RouteEndpoint>();
var routes = endpoints.Select(e => new
{
Name = e.Metadata.GetMetadata<IEndpointNameMetadata>()?.EndpointName,
Pattern = e.RoutePattern.RawText,
Order = e.Order,
HttpMethods = e.Metadata.GetMetadata<IHttpMethodMetadata>()?.HttpMethods,
Metadata = e.Metadata.Select(m => m.GetType().Name)
});
return Results.Json(routes);
});
app.Run();
Έξοδος από /routes:
[
{
"name": null,
"pattern": "/users",
"order": 0,
"httpMethods": ["GET"],
"metadata": ["HttpMethodMetadata", ...]
},
{
"name": null,
"pattern": "/users",
"order": 0,
"httpMethods": ["POST"],
"metadata": ["HttpMethodMetadata", ...]
},
{
"name": null,
"pattern": "/products/{id:int}",
"order": 0,
"httpMethods": ["GET"],
"metadata": ["HttpMethodMetadata", "RoutePatternMetadata", ...]
}
]
// Routes are compiled and cached at startup
// This is fast:
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
{
app.MapGet($"/endpoint{i}", () => $"Endpoint {i}");
}
// At runtime, route matching is O(1) for most cases
Δημιουργία URL από διαδρομές:
app.MapGet("/users/{id}", (int id) => $"User {id}")
.WithName("GetUser");
app.MapGet("/generate-link", (LinkGenerator linkGenerator, HttpContext context) =>
{
var url = linkGenerator.GetPathByName("GetUser", new { id = 123 });
// url = "/users/123"
var absoluteUrl = linkGenerator.GetUriByName(context, "GetUser", new { id = 123 });
// absoluteUrl = "https://localhost:5001/users/123"
return new { url, absoluteUrl };
});
Τα ρουτίνα και τα τελικά σημεία σχηματίζουν τη γέφυρα μεταξύ των αιτήσεων HTTP και του κώδικα εφαρμογής σας.
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